Location Matters: Forests Deliver Climate Benefits Only Where They Naturally Belong

A new global study led by KAUST researchers has found that where forests grow is just as important as their existence when it comes to climate impact.

The research, conducted with more than 20 international organisations, examined how natural forests influence temperatures across different regions of the world. It concludes that forests are most effective when conserved or restored in areas where they naturally occur.

Globally, forests generally contribute to cooling by storing carbon. But their local climate effects are even more critical—helping communities adapt to extreme temperatures. Forests can cool warm regions while providing warming benefits in colder climates, supporting both human livelihoods and biodiversity.

However, the study warns against blanket afforestation strategies. Planting forests in areas where they do not naturally belong can lead to unpredictable outcomes, including unintended warming or disruptions to water systems.

The research also highlights forests’ role in the global water cycle. They help regulate rainfall, improve water infiltration and reduce flood risks. Yet in arid regions, their ability to slow runoff may limit water availability downstream.

Overall, the findings underline the need for region-specific, science-driven land-use decisions. Rather than focusing solely on tree planting, experts stress the importance of protecting natural ecosystems in their native environments to maximise both climate mitigation and adaptation benefits.